A revision of the April 2024 article. Two years of AI pilots have shown that the barrier to scaling is not the technology. It is the capability of the people expected to use it, and almost nobody has measured it.

Training prepares someone to perform a task. Learning prepares someone for what comes next. In a workplace reshaped by AI, organizations need far more of the second.

Two average chess players. Three ordinary computers. A field of grandmasters and supercomputers. They won because their process was better. The lesson for AI is not human vs. machine.

Technology projects stall between pilot and scale far more often than they fail outright. The reasons are rarely technical. They are about alignment, resources and whether people actually adopt the new way of working.